Green Cellular Network Deployment To Reduce RF Pollution

As the mobile telecommunication systems are growing tremendously all over the world, the numbers of handheld and base stations are also rapidly growing and it became very popular to see these base stations distributed everywhere in the neighborhood and on roof tops which has caused a considerable amount of panic to the public in Palestine concerning wither the radiated electromagnetic fields from these base stations may cause any health effect or hazard. Recently UP High Court in India ordered for removal of BTS towers from residential area, it has created panic among cellular communication network designers too. Green cellular networks could be a solution for the above problem. This paper deals with green cellular networks with the help of multi-layer overlaid hierarchical structure (macro / micro / pico / femto cells). Macrocell for area coverage, micro for pedestrian and a slow moving traffic while pico for indoor use and femto for individual high capacity users. This could be the answer of the problem of energy conservation and enhancement of spectral density also.Comment: 6 pages, 6 figures. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1204.2101, arXiv:1110.2627, and with arXiv:0803.0952 and arXiv:0803.0952 by other author

Influence of symmetric and asymmetric alterations of maxillary canine gingival margin on the perception of smile esthetics among orthodontists, dentists, and laypersons

Introduction: Esthetics is one of the major concerns among people seeking orthodontic treatment, and its perception varies from person to person. Our objective was to determine the differences in the perception of smile esthetics among orthodontists, general dentists, and laypersons with respect to alteration in the maxillary canine gingival margin in close-up smile analyses. Materials and Methods: Close-up photograph of an ideal Indian female smile was selected. The images were digitally altered to create symmetrical images with the gingival margin levels of maxillary canine matching the central incisors. Twelve alterations were created in the gingival margin of the canine with discrepancies of 1, 2, and 3 mm in relation to the most superior point on the labial gingival margin of patient's central incisor and divided under four groups. Finally, close-up images of the smile were assessed by orthodontist, general dentist, and layperson who indicated the level of attractiveness of each smile on a visual analogue score. The data collected were then statistically analyzed by one-way analysis of variance followed by Newman–Keul's range test. Results: Most evaluators considered all the three components, i.e., lips, teeth, and gingiva while assessing the smile's attractiveness. Statistically significant differences were observed between different evaluator groups when considering bilateral increase in crown height by 2 and 3 mm. The perceptions of asymmetries in the gingival margin levels of the maxillary canines were 1.0 mm for orthodontists and 2.0 mm for laypersons. Conclusion: The result of this study suggested that the orthodontists were more critical than dentist and layperson in evaluating smile esthetics

Eight versus twelve weeks of sofosbuvir-velpatasvir in treatment-naïve non-cirrhotic patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection: Study protocol for a multicentric, open labelled, randomized, non-inferiority trial (RESOLVE trial).

BackgroundHepatitis C virus (HCV) is a common cause of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Globally, nearly 71 million people have chronic HCV infection, and approximately 399,000 dies annually. In patients without cirrhosis, HCV infection is treated with 12 weeks of sofosbuvir/velpatasvir combination. Results from available small, single-centre observational studies suggest that the sofosbuvir/velpatasvir combination given for 8 weeks may be as effective as the standard 12 weeks of treatment. We propose to compare the treatment response of 12 weeks versus 8 weeks of sofosbuvir/velpatasvir in non-cirrhotic people with chronic HCV infection.MethodsThis multicentric, randomized, open-label, non-inferiority trial will include 880 (2 arms x 440) treatment naïve, viraemic (HCV RNA >10,000 IU/mL), non-cirrhotic adults (age >18 years) with chronic hepatitis C. People who are at high-risk for HCV reinfection such as haemophiliacs, people who inject drugs, those on maintenance hemodialysis or having HIV will be excluded. The presence or absence of cirrhosis will be determined with a combination of history, examination, ultrasound, liver stiffness measured with transient elastography, APRI, FIB-4, and esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Participants will be randomized to receive either 8- or 12-week sofosbuvir/velpatasvir treatment. A blood specimen will be collected before starting the treatment (to determine the HCV genotype), after 4 weeks of treatment (for early virological response), and at 12 weeks after treatment discontinuation for SVR12.DiscussionThe study will provide data on the efficacy of 8 weeks of treatment as compared to the standard of care (12 weeks) in non-cirrhotic patients with chronic HCV infection. Treatment for a shorter duration may improve treatment compliance, reduce the cost of treatment, and ease the treatment implementation from a public health perspective.Trial registrationRegistered with Clinical Trial Registry of India (http://ctri.nic.in) Registration No. CTRI/2022/03/041368 [Registered on: 24/03/2022]-Trial Registered Prospectively